Contoh Makalah Sistem Operasi. Awalnya Windows bermula dari Ms-Dos (Microsoft Disk Operating System) yaitu sebuah Sistem Operasi yang berbasiskan teks dan Command-Line interpreter. Chrome OS adalah Sistem Operasi besutan Google yang ringan dan berbasis Linux dan standard web untuk personal computer PC. Google Chrome bekerja dengan metode.
.Kamenarska, Zornitsa; Taniguchi, Tomokazu; Ohsawa, Noboru; Hiraoka, Masanori; Itoh, Nobuya2007-05-01Bromoperoxidase activity was initially detected in marine macroalgae belonging to the Solieriaceae family (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta), including Solieria robusta (Greville) Kylin, Eucheuma serra J. Agardh and Kappaphycus alvarezii ( Doty) Doty, which are important industrial sources of the polysaccharide carrageenan. Notably, the purification of bromoperoxidase was difficult because due to the coexistence of viscoid polysaccharides. The activity of the partially purified enzyme was dependent on the vanadate ion, and displayed a distinct substrate spectrum from that of previously reported vanadium-dependent bromoperoxidases of marine macroalgae. The enzyme was specific for Br- and I- ions and inactive toward F- and Cl.
The K(m) values for Br- and H2O2 were 2.5x10(-3) M and 8.5x10(-5) M, respectively. The halogenated product, dibromoacetaldehyde, that accumulated in K.
Alvarezii was additionally determined.Suresh Kumar, K; Ganesan, K; Selvaraj, Kandasamy; Subba Rao, P V2014-06-15Protein concentrate (PC) of Kappaphycus alvarezii (cultivated on the West coast of India), was extracted and its functional properties were evaluated. Alvarezii PC contained 62.3 ± 1.62% proteins. At pH 12, the nitrogen solubility of this PC was 58.72 ± 1.68% in the presence of 0.5M NaCl. The emulsifying and foaming properties of this PC varied with time and pH. However, it formed remarkably stable emulsions with Jatropha oil after 720 min (i.e. E720=53.67 ± 1.59). On the other hand, maximum foaming ability (53.33 ± 2.31%) of the PC was recorded at pH 4.0.
This PC had high oil (1.29 ± 0.20 ml oil/g PC) and water absorption capacity (2.22 0.04 ml H2O/g PC). DSC analysis revealed thermal transitions at about 109.25°C at neutral pH. The results obtained in this investigation suggest the suitability of K. Alvarezii PC as an inexpensive source of protein; thus this PC could be incorporated into several value-added food products. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Suresh Kumar, K; Ganesan, K; Subba Rao, P V2015-05-01Seasonal variation in the proximate and mineral composition of Kappaphycus alvarezii were investigated in the present study, moreover, the relationship between the nutritive components of this seaweed and the environment were also established. Carbohydrates represented the major portion of the algae (i.e.
Average total carbohydrate content was 23.01 ± 1.64 g/100 g DW), while the lipid content was the lowest among the constituents investigated (0.39 ± 0.04 to 0.91 ± 0.51 g/100 g DW). The protein content of K. Alvarezii varied from 12.69 ± 0.6 to 23.61 ± 0.02 g/100 g DW, and the fiber content varied between 9.68 ± 0.08 to 18.57 ± 0.15 g/100 g DW. Highest total mineral content (29939.61 ± 9340.38 mg/100 g DW) was observed in April 2005, while least values were recorded in January 2006 i.e.
(10997.62 ± 1120.26 mg/100 g DW). The Na/K ratio during the study ranged from 0.34 to 0.87. All the samples showed remarkable semi-refined carrageenan (SRC) yield ranging from 42.70 ± 1.07 to 63.73 ± 1.73% (average 53.90 ± 1.37%), and, the samples collected during December 2004 and January 2006 demonstrated maximum gel strengths i.e.
743 ± 15.28 and 783.33 ± 15.28 gcm(-2) respectively. Various environmental parameters influenced the chemical composition of K. Alvarezii, and these parameters demonstrated seasonal fluctuations.
Moreover, based on the nutritional composition obtained, it could be stated that this seaweed has great scope to be incorporated into several food products as an excellent nutritional supplement, or as a value additive in animal or pet food.Emma Suryati2009-04-01Full Text Available Regenerasi rumput laut Kappaphycus alvarezii dilakukan dalam rangka penyediaan benih yang bermutu dan mempunyai keunggulan melalui induksi kalus dan embrio dengan penambahan hormon pertumbuhan yang diintroduksi ke dalam media kultur yang dapat memacu induksi kalus dan penebalan pigmen rumput laut. Media kultur yang digunakan adalah media Conwy padat dengan penambahan agar 0,8%-1,6%. Hormon perangsang tumbuh yang digunakan untuk memacu pertumbuhan kalus dan filamen embrio yaitu IAA (Indol acetic acid, kinetin, dan auxilin dengan konsentrasi berkisar 0,4-1 mg/L. Embrio yang dihasilkan merupakan anakan yang mempunyai sifat yang sama dengan induknya. Sintasan dan perkembangan embrio yang paling baik yaitu dengan penambahan IAA dengan konsentrasi 0,4 mg/L pada media padat.
Pembentukan anakan dilakukan dengan mengiris embrio dan menumbuhkan pada media cair yang diperkaya dengan hormon yang sama. Pemeliharaan anakan pada media kultur dilakukan hingga mencapai ukuran 2-3 cm.
Regeneration of seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii was done to provide high quality seed through callus and embryo induction using plant growth regulator which was introducted to the culture medium. This growth regulator can stimulate the callus induction procces and thickening the seaweed pigment. Applied medium culture was agar medium with 0.8%-1.6% concentration enriched with Conwy and the applied growth regulators were IAA (Indol acetic acid, kinetin dan auxilin with 0.4-1 mg/L concentration range. Resulted embryo has the same characteristics with the stock. The best survival rate and embryo growth was IAA treatment with 0.4 mg/L concentration.
Formation of embryo was done by transferring them from solid medium to the liquid one with the same growth regulator treatment. The nursery of the seed in culture medium was carried out until it has reached 2-3 cm in size.Andi Parenrengi2007-06-01ditas ini semakin banyak diminati. Indonesia merupakan penghasil rumput laut karaginan terbesar kedua dunia setelah Filipina. Untuk mengenal lebih dekat rumput laut tersebut, makalah ini akan memberikan gambaran secara umum dari karakteristik K. Alvarezii yang meliputi taksonomi, morfologi, reproduksi, eko-fisiologi, dan distribusi, serta dilengkapi dengan dukungan hasil riset mengenai pertumbuhan dan analisis genetik antara dua perbedaan warna dari spesies rumput laut tersebut.Triana, St.
Hidayah; Alimuddin,; Widyastuti, Utut; Suharsono,; Suryati, Emma; Parenrengi, Andi2016-01-01Method of foreign gene transfer in red seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii has been reported, however, li-mited number of transgenic F0 (broodstock) was obtained. This study was conducted to improve the method of gene transfer mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens in order to obtain high percentage of K. Alvarezii transgenic. Superoxide dismutase gene from Melastoma malabatrichum (MmCu/Zn-SOD) was used as model towards increasing adaptability of K. Alvarezii to environmental stress. The treat-ment.Arisandi, Apri; Farid, Akhmad; Rokhmaniati, Sri2013-01-01Peningkatan suhu musim kemarau yang relatif tinggi memicu peningkatan kontaminasi penyakit dan epifit di perairan Sumenep, sehingga mempengaruhi rata-rata pertumbuhan harian Kappaphycus alvarezii. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak kontaminasi epifit, terhadap pertumbuhan K.
Alvarezii di perairan Sumenep. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan metode budidaya dalam rakit apung, thallus K. Alvarezii yang terkontaminasi epifit diamati serta dihitung rata-rata pertumbuhan hariannya. H.Apri Arisandi2013-10-01Full Text Available Peningkatan suhu musim kemarau yang relatif tinggi memicu peningkatan kontaminasi penyakit dan epifit di perairan Sumenep, sehingga mempengaruhi rata-rata pertumbuhan harian Kappaphycus alvarezii.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak kontaminasi epifit, terhadap pertumbuhan K. Alvarezii di perairan Sumenep. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan metode budidaya dalam rakit apung, thallus K.
Alvarezii yang terkontaminasi epifit diamati serta dihitung rata-rata pertumbuhan hariannya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan,kontaminasi epifitmenyebabkanrata-rata pertumbuhan harian K. Alvareziimenurunhingga-0,07% sampai 0,92%, oleh karena itu K.
Alvareziiyang telah terkontaminasiharus segera dipanen.Kata Kunci: epifit, pertumbuhan, K. Alvarezii.Meinita, Maria Dyah Nur; Hong, Yong-Ki; Jeong, Gwi-Taek2012-01-01Red seaweed, Kappaphycus alvarezii, holds great promise for use in biofuel production due to its high carbohydrate content. In this study, we investigated the effect of fermentation inhibitors to the K. Alvarezii hydrolysate on cell growth and ethanol fermentation.
In addition, detoxification of fermentation inhibitors was performed to decrease the fermentation inhibitory effect. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural and levulinic acid, which are liberated from acidic hydrolysis, was also observed in the hydrolysate of K. These compounds inhibited ethanol fermentation. In order to remove these inhibitors, activated charcoal and calcium hydroxide were introduced. The efficiency of activated charcoals was examined and over-liming was used to remove the inhibitors. Activated charcoal was found to be more effective than calcium hydroxide to remove the inhibitors.
Detoxification by activated charcoal strongly improved the fermentability of dilute acid hydrolysate in the production of bioethanol from K. Alvarezii with Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
The optimal detoxifying conditions were found to be below an activated charcoal concentration of 5%.St. Hidayah Triana2016-11-01Full Text Available Method of foreign gene transfer in red seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii has been reported, however, li-mited number of transgenic F0 (broodstock was obtained. This study was conducted to improve the method of gene transfer mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens in order to obtain high percentage of K. Alvarezii transgenic. Superoxide dismutase gene from Melastoma malabatrichum (MmCu/Zn-SOD was used as model towards increasing adaptability of K.
Alvarezii to environmental stress. The treat-ments were the culture media and recovery duration, and each treatment consisted of three replica-tions. The best method was co-cultivation using liquid media, then recovery was conducted in liquid media for 10 days. That treatment allowed higher transformation percentage (90%, regeneration effi-ciency (90%, putative bud efficiency (100%, number of buds and explants sprouted (100% and transgenic explants (100%. The transgenic explants showed an amplification PCR product of Mm-Cu/Zn-SOD gene fragment, whereas the non-transgenic explants showed no amplification product. All results revealed that suitable method of transgenesis for K. Alvarezii has been developed.
Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens, culture media, Kappaphycus alvarezii, recovery duration, transformation.Bambang Ali Akbar2016-03-01Full Text Available Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mempelajari pengaruh penggunaan Sargassum aquifolium dengan konsentrasi dan lama waktu perendaman yang berbeda terhadap pertumbuhan Kappaphycus alvarezii, serta mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan S. Aquifolium terhadap persentase kadar karaginan K. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL dengan perlakuan faktorial yang terdiri dari dua faktor yaitu faktor 1 berupa konsentrasi ekstrak Sargassum aquifolium dan faktor 2 berupa perlakuan lama perendaman. Faktor 1 terdiri atas 4 perlakuan konsentrasi perendaman yaitu kontrol (K0, konsentrasi 5% (K1, 10% (K2, 15% (K3.
Faktor 2 terdiri atas 3 taraf yaitu lama perendaman 30 menit (T1, 60 menit (T2 dan 90 menit (T3. Data variabel penelitian dianalisis menggunakan analisis sidik ragam (ANOVA pada taraf kesalahan 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak Sargassum aquifolium tidak memberikan pengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan rumput laut Kappaphycus alvarezii.
Perlakuan K1T3 (perendaman dengan konsentrasi 5% selama 90 menit menunjukkan hasil tertinggi dari perlakuan lainnya, nilai laju pertumbuhan spesifik 6.11%, pertumbuhan mutlak 663.89 gram, berat kering 197.80 gr dan nilai kadar karaginan yaitu 53.33%. Berat kering terendah diperoleh pada perlakuan K3T3 (perendaman dengan konsentrasi 15% selama 90 menit.Taufik Indarmawan2016-04-01Full Text Available Infectious diseases became more serious problem for public health in recent years. Although existing antibacterial drugs have been relatively effective, they do not rule out the emergence of resistance to the drug. Therefore, the intensive exploration of new bioactive compounds from natural, especially peptide compounds began in recent decades in order-handling infection.
This study aimed to isolate, purify and test the potential application of Xylaria psidii KT30 extracellular protease as antibacterial agent against Gram-positive bacteria. Psidii KT30, a marine fungus isolated from red seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii showed antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. Antibacterial compounds of this fungus were predicted as a group of proteases. Extracellular protease exhibited an optimum activity when potato dextrose broth was used as cultivation medium. Furthermore, the highest activity of these proteases was found on fungal extract after day 15 of cultivation with value of 2.33 ± 0.19 U/mL. The partial purification of proteases using G-75 column chromatography resulted in 2 groups of fractions and showed protease activity based on zymogram assay. The extracellular proteases obtained from those fractions have 3 patterns of molecular mass based on sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis which are 56.62, 89.12, 162.18 kDa.Mita Gebriella Inthe2014-06-01Full Text Available Cervical cancer is the most common cause of death for Indonesian women after human breast cancer.
One of the efforts of cancer treatment is the utilization of natural compounds. One of the microorganisms having the potential as anticancer agent is endophytic fungi. Endophytic fungi from the marine habitat can be isolated from sea weeds, sea grasses, sponges, and mangroves. Xylaria psidii KT30, a marine fungus used in this study was isolated from red seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii. Xylaria psidii KT30 was cultivated in potato dextrose broth medium for nine days at room temperature 27-29°C in shaking condition. This study aimed to obtain protein fractions from X.
Psidii KT30 and determine their toxicity againt Chang and HeLa cells. The fractionation process was conducted using DEAE Sephadex A-50 column chromatography and the toxicity was determined by Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT. The metabolites excreted in the culture broth was extracted using 90% of ammonium sulphate. The extract was then tested for their toxicity against HeLa and Chang cells by Microculture Tetrazolium Technique (MTT assay.The results revealed that LC50 of the protein extract of X. Psidii KT30 was 104.95 ppm and IC50 was 69.9 ppm. Based on the National Cancer Institute (NCI, this value showed moderate cytotoxicity against HeLa cells.Praseptiangga, D.; Maimuni, B. H.; Manuhara, G.
J.; Muhammad, D. A.2018-03-01Kappa-carrageenan (KC) is one of the most interesting biopolymers that is composed of a linear chain of sulfated galactans and extracted from red seaweed, Kappaphycus alvarezii. It shows good potential for development as a source of biodegradable or edible films. However, KC films do not have good water vapor barrier properties, as they are intrinsically hydrophilic.
Palmitic acid (PA) as hydrophobic material was incorporated into semi-refined kappa-carrageenan (SRKC) edible films in order to improve water vapor barrier properties. In this study, composite films based on SRKC incorporating PA were prepared and their applications on minimally processed chicken breast fillet were evaluated. Composite SRKC-based films with varying concentrations of PA (5%, 10%, and 15% w/w) were obtained by a solvent casting method.
Their mechanical and barrier properties were investigated. Results showed that the incorporation of PA in films caused an increase in thickness, but decrease in water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) as the concentration of PA increased (from 5% to 15% w/w). Composite SRKC-based edible film incorporating 15% w/w of PA presented better water vapor barrier properties as compared to other films with 5% and 10% w/w PA incorporation. Thus, formulation containing 15% w/w PA was used as a wrapping material for film application on minimally processed chicken breast fillet.
The application results showed that the incorporation of PA in film caused an effect (p 0.05) change the color of minimally processed chicken breast fillet.Muh Alias L. Rajamuddin2016-11-01Full Text Available Increasing of kappa (κ-carrageenan content in Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed is potentially be achieved by applying transgenesis technology. This study was performed to obtain a construction of κ-Carrageenase gene and Agrobacterium tumefaciens to carry those construction genes. The κ-Carrageenase (κ-Car gene was involved in κ-carrageenan biosynthesis. The κ-Car gene sequence was ligated between the 35S CaMV promoter and tNos terminator sequences to generate pMSH/κ-Car expression vector. Transformation of pMSH/κ-Car plasmid to Escherichia coli was performed by heat-shock method, and to Agrobacterium tumefaciens by tri-parental mating method.
The results showed that several colonies of E. Tumefaciens grew in the selective culture mediums containing antibiotic. PCR analysis using primers 35S-Forward and tNos-Reverse with DNA template from those bacterial colonies resulted DNA fragment of about 2,000 bp, the same as the total length of 35S CaMV promoter, κ-Car gene and tNos terminator sequences. Therefore, the construction of pMSH/κ-Car gene was succeeded and a colony of A. Tumefaciens transformant carrying pMSH/κ-Car plasmid was successfully produced.
Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens, kappa(κ-Carrageenase gene, transgenesis, vector.Sapto P. Putro2015-12-01Full Text Available The increase of fishery production nationally and internationally may impact on the potential emergence of a variety of environmental problems. The application of sustainable aquaculture is urgently needed by breeding fish for commercial purposes in a manner such that it has a minimum impact on the environment, contributing to the development of local communities and generating economic benefits. The design of the cage and farming practice in aquaculture activities are the important steps to ensure that farming activity is still observed in order to anticipate the risk of organic enrichment caused by the activities. The application of Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA on the Stratified Double Floating Net Cage (SDFNC integrated with biomonitoring are an appropriate solution to the ongoing productive farming practices.
IMTA is an aquaculture practice using more than one species of biotas which have ecologically mutual relationship as a part of the food chain in the area at the same time. The application of IMTA allows farmers to get several aquaculture products in the same area without increasing the horizontal area of the farms. At first, the SDFNC has been applied for farming Cyprinus carpio and Tilapia niloticus as polyculture system in freshwater ecosystem of Rawapening Lake, Central Java. Its operation has been able to increase the production capacity of at least 75% of conventional cages. The application of SDFNC-IMTA using milkfish (Chanos Chanos, seaweed ( Kappaphycus alvarezii, and white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei has been able to minimize the impact and maintain the water ecosystem in the Gulf Awerange, South Sulawesi.Siti Aslamyah2017-07-01Full Text Available ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to evaluate various types of fermentor for dry matter digestibility (DMD, organic matter digestibility (OMD, and the chemical composition of fermented seaweed. Five types of seaweed were used as substrates included green strain of Kappaphycus alvarezii, brown strain of K.
Alvarezii, Gracilaria gigas, Sargassum sp., and Caulerpa sp. The treatments were four fermentors, namely Bacillus sp. 2 mL/100 g of seaweed flour; 1.5% of tape yeast as a source of Rhizopus sp.; 1.5% of baker’s yeast as a source of Saccharomyces sp.; a mix of Bacillus sp., tape yeast of Rhizopus sp.
And baker’s yeast of Saccharomyces sp. With compositions of 1 mL+1 g+1 g/100 g of seaweed flour; and control treatment. The results showed an increase in the percentage of DMD (21.94–27.76% and OMD (8.35–11.66% of all seaweed fermented using fermentor compared to control (DMD of 17.65–20.36% and OMD of 4.36–5.98%. Moreover, the highest result was obtained by the fermentor mix (DMD of 24.86–27.76% and OMD of 10.02–11.66%.
Similar result was also found in the chemical composition of fermented seaweed, there was increase in protein content of 9.23–15.93% and nitrogen free extract (NFE of 56.05–70.26% in each seaweed treated with fermentation using fermentors, compared to controls (protein of 8.82–11.54% and NFE of 52.26–65.72%. Furthermore, the highest value was shown by seaweed fermented with mixed fermentors (protein of 9.92–15.93% and NFE of 58.47–70.26%.
Yet, the opposite result was present in the ash, crude fiber, and fat content of seaweed fermented using fermentors of which the lowest value was found in treatment of mixed fermentor. Keywords: fermentation, fermentor, seaweed, quality, feed ingredients ABSTRAK Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengevaluasi berbagai jenis fermentor terhadap kecernaan bahan kering (KBK, kecernaan bahan organik (KBO, dan komposisi kimia rumput laut terfermentasi. Lima jenis rumput.2011-07-08. Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS). This action corrects an omission in the regulatory text of the. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Edward Doty, Environmental Scientist, Attainment Planning and.National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — Primarily from the Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative, yet also support from The Nature Conservancy of Hawai'i, State Division of Aquatic Resources, U.S. Fish and Wildlife.National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — Primarily from the Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative, yet also support from The Nature Conservancy of Hawai'i, State Division of Aquatic Resources, U.S. Fish and Wildlife.National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — An experiment was performed to assess the potential to use native sea urchins as biocontrols for alien/invasive seaweeds.
One species of urchin, tripneustes.National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce — An experiment was performed to assess the potential to use native sea urchins as biocontrols for alien/invasive seaweeds. One species of urchin, tripneustes.Syarifuddin Kune2016-01-01Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental yang dilakukan dengan membandingkan pertumbuhan E.